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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Python Documentation contents — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="./" src="_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="What’s New in Python" href="whatsnew/index.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/contents.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. 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id="python-documentation-contents"> <h1>Python Documentation contents<a class="headerlink" href="#python-documentation-contents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings">Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib">New module: importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig">New module: sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk">ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest">Updated module: unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3">Updated module: ElementTree 1.3</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules">Capsules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd">Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases">New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#two-new-environment-variables-for-debug-mode">Two new environment variables for debug mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-434-idle-enhancement-exception-for-all-branches">PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-466-network-security-enhancements-for-python-2-7">PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-477-backport-ensurepip-pep-453-to-python-2-7">PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-493-https-verification-migration-tools-for-python-2-7">PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup">New Issue Tracker: Roundup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx">New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site-packages</span></code> Directory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> As a Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> module: JavaScript Object Notation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> module: A Property-List Parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements">ctypes Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support">Improved SSL Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix">Port-Specific Changes: IRIX</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes">Interactive Interpreter Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package">The ctypes package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package">The ElementTree package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package">The hashlib package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package">The sqlite3 package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package">The wsgiref package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed">Why is Decimal needed?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Decimal</span></code> type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code> type</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib">cookielib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes">String Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type">Date/Time Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module">The optparse Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes">Old and New Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors">Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule">Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access">Attribute Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links">Related Links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes">Minor Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions">Changes to Built-in Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support">SAX2 Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support">DOM Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml">Relationship to PyXML</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">The Python Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appetite.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#strings">3.1.2. Strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#unicode-strings">3.1.3. Unicode Strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#lists">3.1.4. Lists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> Statements, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> Clauses on Loops</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.6. Defining Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.7. More on Defining Functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.7.1. Default Argument Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.7.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.7.5. Lambda Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.7.6. Documentation Strings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html">5. Data Structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#functional-programming-tools">5.1.3. Functional Programming Tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.4. List Comprehensions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4.1. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html">6. Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html">7. Input and Output</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.1. Old string formatting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.5. User-defined Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#private-variables-and-class-local-references">9.6. Private Variables and Class-local References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#exceptions-are-classes-too">9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#iterators">9.9. Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generators">9.10. Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generator-expressions">9.11. Generator Expressions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#mathematics">10.6. Mathematics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#internet-access">10.7. Internet Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#output-formatting">11.1. Output Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#templating">11.2. Templating</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#multi-threading">11.4. Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#logging">11.5. Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#weak-references">11.6. Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. Tools for Working with Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/whatnow.html">12. What Now?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html">13. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#line-editing">13.1. Line Editing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#history-substitution">13.2. History Substitution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#key-bindings">13.3. Key Bindings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">13.4. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html">14. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">14.1. Representation Error</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html">15. Appendix</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#interactive-mode">15.1. Interactive Mode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#error-handling">15.1.1. Error Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#executable-python-scripts">15.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-interactive-startup-file">15.1.3. The Interactive Startup File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-customization-modules">15.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="using/index.html">Python Setup and Usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html">1. Command line and environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#command-line">1.1. Command line</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#interface-options">1.1.1. Interface options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#generic-options">1.1.2. Generic options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#miscellaneous-options">1.1.3. Miscellaneous options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#options-you-shouldn-t-use">1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#environment-variables">1.2. Environment variables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#debug-mode-variables">1.2.1. Debug-mode variables</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-opensolaris">2.1.3. On OpenSolaris</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#editors-and-ides">2.5. Editors and IDEs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html">3. Using Python on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-python">3.1. Installing Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#alternative-bundles">3.2. Alternative bundles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#configuring-python">3.3. Configuring Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#excursus-setting-environment-variables">3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-the-python-executable">3.3.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-modules">3.3.3. Finding modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#executing-scripts">3.3.4. Executing scripts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#additional-modules">3.4. Additional modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#pywin32">3.4.1. PyWin32</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#py2exe">3.4.2. Py2exe</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#wconio">3.4.3. WConio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#compiling-python-on-windows">3.5. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#other-resources">3.6. Other resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html">4. Using Python on a Macintosh</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#getting-and-installing-macpython">4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#how-to-run-a-python-script">4.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#running-scripts-with-a-gui">4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#configuration">4.1.3. Configuration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#the-ide">4.2. The IDE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-additional-python-packages">4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#gui-programming-on-the-mac">4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#other-resources">4.6. Other Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/index.html">The Python Language Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html">1. Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#logical-lines">2.1.1. Logical lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#physical-lines">2.1.2. Physical lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#comments">2.1.3. Comments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations">2.1.4. Encoding declarations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#explicit-line-joining">2.1.5. Explicit line joining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#implicit-line-joining">2.1.6. Implicit line joining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#blank-lines">2.1.7. Blank lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation">2.1.8. Indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#whitespace-between-tokens">2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords">2.3.1. Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals">2.4. Literals</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literals">2.4.1. String literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation">2.4.2. String literal concatenation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#numeric-literals">2.4.3. Numeric literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#integer-and-long-integer-literals">2.4.4. Integer and long integer literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#floating-point-literals">2.4.5. Floating point literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#imaginary-literals">2.4.6. Imaginary literals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html">3. Data model</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#new-style-and-classic-classes">3.3. New-style and classic classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">3.4. Special method names</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization">3.4.1. Basic customization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-attribute-access">3.4.2. Customizing attribute access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#more-attribute-access-for-new-style-classes">3.4.2.1. More attribute access for new-style classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#implementing-descriptors">3.4.2.2. Implementing Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#invoking-descriptors">3.4.2.3. Invoking Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slots">3.4.2.4. __slots__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation">3.4.3. Customizing class creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks">3.4.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-callable-objects">3.4.5. Emulating callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types">3.4.6. Emulating container types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#additional-methods-for-emulation-of-sequence-types">3.4.7. Additional methods for emulation of sequence types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types">3.4.8. Emulating numeric types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coercion-rules">3.4.9. Coercion rules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers">3.4.10. With Statement Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup-for-old-style-classes">3.4.11. Special method lookup for old-style classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup-for-new-style-classes">3.4.12. Special method lookup for new-style classes</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html">4. Execution model</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding">4.1. Naming and binding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#interaction-with-dynamic-features">4.1.1. Interaction with dynamic features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#exceptions">4.2. Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html">5. Expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions">5.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atoms">5.2. Atoms</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers">5.2.1. Identifiers (Names)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#literals">5.2.2. Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#parenthesized-forms">5.2.3. Parenthesized forms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#list-displays">5.2.4. List displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#displays-for-sets-and-dictionaries">5.2.5. Displays for sets and dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-expressions">5.2.6. Generator expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#dictionary-displays">5.2.7. Dictionary displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#set-displays">5.2.8. Set displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#string-conversions">5.2.9. String conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#yield-expressions">5.2.10. Yield expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-iterator-methods">5.2.10.1. Generator-iterator methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#primaries">5.3. Primaries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#attribute-references">5.3.1. Attribute references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#subscriptions">5.3.2. Subscriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#slicings">5.3.3. Slicings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#calls">5.3.4. Calls</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#the-power-operator">5.4. The power operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations">5.6. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#shifting-operations">5.7. Shifting operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations">5.8. Binary bitwise operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#comparisons">5.9. Comparisons</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#value-comparisons">5.9.1. Value comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#membership-test-operations">5.9.2. Membership test operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#is-not">5.9.3. Identity comparisons</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#boolean-operations">5.10. Boolean operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions">5.11. Conditional Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#lambda">5.12. Lambdas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#expression-lists">5.13. Expression lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order">5.14. Evaluation order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence">5.15. Operator precedence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html">6. Simple statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#expression-statements">6.1. Expression statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements">6.2. Assignment statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements">6.2.1. Augmented assignment statements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement">6.3. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assert</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement">6.4. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement">6.5. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-print-statement">6.6. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement">6.7. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">6.8. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement">6.9. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement">6.10. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement">6.11. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement">6.12. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#future-statements">6.12.1. Future statements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement">6.13. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-exec-statement">6.14. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html">7. Compound statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement">7.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement">7.2. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement">7.3. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement">7.4. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement">7.5. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions">7.6. Function definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-definitions">7.7. Class definitions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html">8. Top-level components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs">8.1. Complete Python programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input">8.2. File input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#interactive-input">8.3. Interactive input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#expression-input">8.4. Expression input</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/grammar.html">9. Full Grammar specification</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="library/index.html">The Python Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions.html">2. Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions.html#non-essential-built-in-functions">3. Non-essential Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html">4. Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">4.1. Constants added by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html">5. Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">5.1. Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">5.2. Boolean Operations — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#comparisons">5.3. Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-long-complex">5.4. Numeric Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types">5.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-integer-types">5.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-float">5.4.3. Additional Methods on Float</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">5.5. Iterator Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generator-types">5.5.1. Generator Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-str-unicode-list-tuple-bytearray-buffer-xrange">5.6. Sequence Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xrange</span></code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#string-methods">5.6.1. String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting-operations">5.6.2. String Formatting Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#xrange-type">5.6.3. XRange Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types">5.6.4. Mutable Sequence Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">5.7. Set Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">5.8. Mapping Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#dictionary-view-objects">5.8.1. Dictionary view objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#file-objects">5.9. File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#memoryview-type">5.10. memoryview type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">5.11. Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">5.12. Other Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#modules">5.12.1. Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#classes-and-class-instances">5.12.2. Classes and Class Instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#functions">5.12.3. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#methods">5.12.4. Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#code-objects">5.12.5. Code Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-objects">5.12.6. Type Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object">5.12.7. The Null Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-ellipsis-object">5.12.8. The Ellipsis Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-notimplemented-object">5.12.9. The NotImplemented Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-values">5.12.10. Boolean Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#internal-objects">5.12.11. Internal Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes">5.13. Special Attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html">6. Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">6.1. Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/strings.html">7. String Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html">7.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — Common string operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-constants">7.1.1. String constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#custom-string-formatting">7.1.2. Custom String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-string-syntax">7.1.3. Format String Syntax</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language">7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-examples">7.1.3.2. Format examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#template-strings">7.1.4. Template strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-functions">7.1.5. String functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#deprecated-string-functions">7.1.6. Deprecated string functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html">7.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — Regular expression operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax">7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#module-contents">7.2.2. Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-objects">7.2.3. Regular Expression Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#match-objects">7.2.4. Match Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#examples">7.2.5. Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#checking-for-a-pair">7.2.5.1. Checking For a Pair</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#simulating-scanf">7.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#search-vs-match">7.2.5.3. search() vs. match()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#making-a-phonebook">7.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#text-munging">7.2.5.5. Text Munging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs">7.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">7.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#raw-string-notation">7.2.5.8. Raw String Notation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html">7.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret strings as packed binary data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#functions-and-exceptions">7.3.1. Functions and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-strings">7.3.2. Format Strings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#byte-order-size-and-alignment">7.3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-characters">7.3.2.2. Format Characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#examples">7.3.2.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#classes">7.3.3. Classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html">7.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-objects">7.4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-examples">7.4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-objects">7.4.3. Differ Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-example">7.4.4. Differ Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib">7.4.5. A command-line interface to difflib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringio.html">7.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code> — Read and write strings as files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringio.html#module-cStringIO">7.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cStringIO</span></code> — Faster version of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/textwrap.html">7.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html">7.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">7.8.1. Codec Base Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-objects">7.8.1.1. Codec Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementalencoder-objects">7.8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementaldecoder-objects">7.8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamwriter-objects">7.8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreader-objects">7.8.1.5. StreamReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreaderwriter-objects">7.8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamrecoder-objects">7.8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#encodings-and-unicode">7.8.2. Encodings and Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#standard-encodings">7.8.3. Standard Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#python-specific-encodings">7.8.4. Python Specific Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna">7.8.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encodings.idna</span></code> — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig">7.8.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encodings.utf_8_sig</span></code> — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unicodedata.html">7.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringprep.html">7.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpformat.html">7.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fpformat</span></code> — Floating point conversions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datatypes.html">8. Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html">8.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#available-types">8.1.1. Available Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects">8.1.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#date-objects">8.1.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#datetime-objects">8.1.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#time-objects">8.1.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects">8.1.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior">8.1.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></code> Behavior</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html">8.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html">8.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — High-performance container datatypes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#counter-objects">8.3.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Counter</span></code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-objects">8.3.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-recipes">8.3.2.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-objects">8.3.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples">8.3.3.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields">8.3.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-objects">8.3.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes">8.3.5.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#collections-abstract-base-classes">8.3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html">8.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#basic-examples">8.4.1. Basic Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes">8.4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#theory">8.4.3. Theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html">8.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists">8.5.1. Searching Sorted Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#other-examples">8.5.2. Other Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/array.html">8.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sets.html">8.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sets</span></code> — Unordered collections of unique elements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sets.html#set-objects">8.7.1. Set Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sets.html#example">8.7.2. Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sets.html#protocol-for-automatic-conversion-to-immutable">8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sets.html#comparison-to-the-built-in-set-types">8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html">8.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html#scheduler-objects">8.8.1. Scheduler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mutex.html">8.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mutex</span></code> — Mutual exclusion support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mutex.html#mutex-objects">8.9.1. Mutex Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html">8.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#queue-objects">8.10.1. Queue Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html">8.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#weak-reference-objects">8.11.1. Weak Reference Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#example">8.11.2. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/userdict.html">8.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/userdict.html#module-UserList">8.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> — Class wrapper for list objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/userdict.html#module-UserString">8.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> — Class wrapper for string objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html">8.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Names for built-in types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/new.html">8.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new</span></code> — Creation of runtime internal objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy.html">8.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html">8.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects">8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#pprint-example">8.18.2. pprint Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/repr.html">8.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr</span></code> — Alternate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/repr.html#repr-objects">8.19.1. Repr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/repr.html#subclassing-repr-objects">8.19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numeric.html">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html">9.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#the-numeric-tower">9.1.1. The numeric tower</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementors">9.1.2. Notes for type implementors</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html">9.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions">9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#trigonometric-functions">9.2.3. Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#angular-conversion">9.2.4. Angular conversion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions">9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#special-functions">9.2.6. Special functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#constants">9.2.7. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html">9.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#trigonometric-functions">9.3.3. Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions">9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#classification-functions">9.3.5. Classification functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#constants">9.3.6. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html">9.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial">9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-objects">9.4.2. Decimal objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#logical-operands">9.4.2.1. Logical operands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#context-objects">9.4.3. Context objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#signals">9.4.4. Signals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#floating-point-notes">9.4.5. Floating Point Notes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">9.4.5.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#special-values">9.4.5.2. Special values</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#working-with-threads">9.4.6. Working with threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#recipes">9.4.7. Recipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-faq">9.4.8. Decimal FAQ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fractions.html">9.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html">9.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html">9.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertool-functions">9.7.1. Itertool functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#recipes">9.7.2. Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html">9.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html#partial-objects">9.8.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">partial</span></code> Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html">9.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions">9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filesys.html">10. File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.path.html">10.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileinput.html">10.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stat.html">10.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statvfs.html">10.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statvfs</span></code> — Constants used with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.statvfs()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html">10.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html#the-dircmp-class">10.5.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code> class</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html">10.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob.html">10.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fnmatch.html">10.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/linecache.html">10.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html">10.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#directory-and-files-operations">10.10.1. Directory and files operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#copytree-example">10.10.1.1. copytree example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-operations">10.10.2. Archiving operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example">10.10.2.1. Archiving example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dircache.html">10.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircache</span></code> — Cached directory listings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macpath.html">10.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code> — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/persistence.html">11. Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html">11.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#relationship-to-other-python-modules">11.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#data-stream-format">11.1.2. Data stream format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#usage">11.1.3. Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled">11.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#the-pickle-protocol">11.1.5. The pickle protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-and-unpickling-normal-class-instances">11.1.5.1. Pickling and unpickling normal class instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-and-unpickling-extension-types">11.1.5.2. Pickling and unpickling extension types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-and-unpickling-external-objects">11.1.5.3. Pickling and unpickling external objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#subclassing-unpicklers">11.1.6. Subclassing Unpicklers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#example">11.1.7. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#module-cPickle">11.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cPickle</span></code> — A faster <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy_reg.html">11.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy_reg</span></code> — Register <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy_reg.html#example">11.3.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html">11.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#restrictions">11.4.1. Restrictions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#example">11.4.2. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/marshal.html">11.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/anydbm.html">11.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">anydbm</span></code> — Generic access to DBM-style databases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/whichdb.html">11.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whichdb</span></code> — Guess which DBM module created a database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html">11.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Simple “database” interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gdbm.html">11.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gdbm</span></code> — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbhash.html">11.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></code> — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbhash.html#database-objects">11.10.1. Database Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bsddb.html">11.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code> — Interface to Berkeley DB library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bsddb.html#hash-btree-and-record-objects">11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dumbdbm.html">11.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dumbdbm</span></code> — Portable DBM implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dumbdbm.html#dumbdbm-objects">11.12.1. Dumbdbm Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html">11.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-functions-and-constants">11.13.1. Module functions and constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#connection-objects">11.13.2. Connection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#cursor-objects">11.13.3. Cursor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#row-objects">11.13.4. Row Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#sqlite-and-python-types">11.13.5. SQLite and Python types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#introduction">11.13.5.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-adapters-to-store-additional-python-types-in-sqlite-databases">11.13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#letting-your-object-adapt-itself">11.13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#registering-an-adapter-callable">11.13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#converting-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">11.13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#default-adapters-and-converters">11.13.5.4. Default adapters and converters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#controlling-transactions">11.13.6. Controlling Transactions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-sqlite3-efficiently">11.13.7. Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> efficiently</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-shortcut-methods">11.13.7.1. Using shortcut methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#accessing-columns-by-name-instead-of-by-index">11.13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-the-connection-as-a-context-manager">11.13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#common-issues">11.13.8. Common issues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#multithreading">11.13.8.1. Multithreading</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/archiving.html">12. Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zlib.html">12.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html">12.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#examples-of-usage">12.2.1. Examples of usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html">12.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">bzip2</strong></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#de-compression-of-files">12.3.1. (De)compression of files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#sequential-de-compression">12.3.2. Sequential (de)compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#one-shot-de-compression">12.3.3. One-shot (de)compression</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html">12.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipfile-objects">12.4.1. ZipFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#pyzipfile-objects">12.4.2. PyZipFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipinfo-objects">12.4.3. ZipInfo Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-interface">12.4.4. Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-options">12.4.4.1. Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#decompression-pitfalls">12.4.5. Decompression pitfalls</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#from-file-itself">12.4.5.1. From file itself</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#file-system-limitations">12.4.5.2. File System limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#resources-limitations">12.4.5.3. Resources limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#interruption">12.4.5.4. Interruption</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#default-behaviors-of-extraction">12.4.5.5. Default behaviors of extraction</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html">12.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarfile-objects">12.5.1. TarFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarinfo-objects">12.5.2. TarInfo Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#examples">12.5.3. Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supported-tar-formats">12.5.4. Supported tar formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#unicode-issues">12.5.5. Unicode issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileformats.html">13. File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html">13.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#module-contents">13.1.1. Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#dialects-and-formatting-parameters">13.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#reader-objects">13.1.3. Reader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#writer-objects">13.1.4. Writer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#examples">13.1.5. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html">13.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConfigParser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#rawconfigparser-objects">13.2.1. RawConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#configparser-objects">13.2.2. ConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#safeconfigparser-objects">13.2.3. SafeConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#examples">13.2.4. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/robotparser.html">13.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html">13.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html#netrc-objects">13.4.1. netrc Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html">13.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#packer-objects">13.5.1. Packer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#unpacker-objects">13.5.2. Unpacker Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#exceptions">13.5.3. Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html">13.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Mac OS X <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html#examples">13.6.1. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypto.html">14. Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html">14.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#key-derivation">14.1.1. Key derivation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hmac.html">14.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/md5.html">14.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">md5</span></code> — MD5 message digest algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sha.html">14.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha</span></code> — SHA-1 message digest algorithm</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/allos.html">15. Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html">15.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-parameters">15.1.1. Process Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-object-creation">15.1.2. File Object Creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-descriptor-operations">15.1.3. File Descriptor Operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#open-flag-constants">15.1.3.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code> flag constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#files-and-directories">15.1.4. Files and Directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-management">15.1.5. Process Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-functions">15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html">15.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#module-interface">15.2.1. Module Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#i-o-base-classes">15.2.2. I/O Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-file-i-o">15.2.3. Raw File I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#buffered-streams">15.2.4. Buffered Streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#text-i-o">15.2.5. Text I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#advanced-topics">15.2.6. Advanced topics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#performance">15.2.6.1. Performance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#binary-i-o">15.2.6.1.1. Binary I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id1">15.2.6.1.2. Text I/O</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#multi-threading">15.2.6.2. Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#reentrancy">15.2.6.3. Reentrancy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html">15.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html">15.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#example">15.4.1. Example</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#creating-a-parser">15.4.1.1. Creating a parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#adding-arguments">15.4.1.2. Adding arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parsing-arguments">15.4.1.3. Parsing arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">15.4.2. ArgumentParser objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prog">15.4.2.1. prog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#usage">15.4.2.2. usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#description">15.4.2.3. description</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#epilog">15.4.2.4. epilog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parents">15.4.2.5. parents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#formatter-class">15.4.2.6. formatter_class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prefix-chars">15.4.2.7. prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">15.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-default">15.4.2.9. argument_default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#conflict-handler">15.4.2.10. conflict_handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#add-help">15.4.2.11. add_help</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">15.4.3. The add_argument() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#name-or-flags">15.4.3.1. name or flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action">15.4.3.2. action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#nargs">15.4.3.3. nargs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#const">15.4.3.4. const</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#default">15.4.3.5. default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#type">15.4.3.6. type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#choices">15.4.3.7. choices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#required">15.4.3.8. required</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#help">15.4.3.9. help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#metavar">15.4.3.10. metavar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#dest">15.4.3.11. dest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action-classes">15.4.3.12. Action classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">15.4.4. The parse_args() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax">15.4.4.1. Option value syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments">15.4.4.2. Invalid arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#arguments-containing">15.4.4.3. Arguments containing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">15.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">15.4.4.5. Beyond <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object">15.4.4.6. The Namespace object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#other-utilities">15.4.5. Other utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#sub-commands">15.4.5.1. Sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#filetype-objects">15.4.5.2. FileType objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-groups">15.4.5.3. Argument groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">15.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parser-defaults">15.4.5.5. Parser defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#printing-help">15.4.5.6. Printing help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#partial-parsing">15.4.5.7. Partial parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">15.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exiting-methods">15.4.5.9. Exiting methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">15.4.6. Upgrading optparse code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html">15.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#background">15.5.1. Background</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#terminology">15.5.1.1. Terminology</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for">15.5.1.2. What are options for?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for">15.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#tutorial">15.5.2. Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions">15.5.2.1. Understanding option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#the-store-action">15.5.2.2. The store action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options">15.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-actions">15.5.2.4. Other actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#default-values">15.5.2.5. Default values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#generating-help">15.5.2.6. Generating help</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#grouping-options">15.5.2.6.1. Grouping Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string">15.5.2.7. Printing a version string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors">15.5.2.8. How <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> handles errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together">15.5.2.9. Putting it all together</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#reference-guide">15.5.3. Reference Guide</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser">15.5.3.1. Creating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser">15.5.3.2. Populating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-options">15.5.3.3. Defining options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-attributes">15.5.3.4. Option attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions">15.5.3.5. Standard option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-types">15.5.3.6. Standard option types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments">15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options">15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#cleanup">15.5.3.10. Cleanup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-methods">15.5.3.11. Other methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-callbacks">15.5.4. Option Callbacks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option">15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called">15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback">15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order">15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#extending-optparse">15.5.5. Extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-types">15.5.5.1. Adding new types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions">15.5.5.2. Adding new actions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getopt.html">15.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html">15.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logger-objects">15.7.1. Logger Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logging-levels">15.7.2. Logging Levels</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#handler-objects">15.7.3. Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#formatter-objects">15.7.4. Formatter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#filter-objects">15.7.5. Filter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-objects">15.7.6. LogRecord Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes">15.7.7. LogRecord attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">15.7.8. LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#thread-safety">15.7.9. Thread Safety</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-functions">15.7.10. Module-Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">15.7.11. Integration with the warnings module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html">15.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions">15.8.1. Configuration functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">15.8.2. Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">15.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">15.8.2.2. Incremental Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#object-connections">15.8.2.3. Object connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">15.8.2.4. User-defined objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">15.8.2.5. Access to external objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">15.8.2.6. Access to internal objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">15.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">15.8.3. Configuration file format</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html">15.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">15.9.1. StreamHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler">15.9.2. FileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">15.9.3. NullHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">15.9.7. SocketHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">15.9.8. DatagramHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">15.9.9. SysLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">15.9.11. SMTPHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">15.9.12. MemoryHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler">15.9.13. HTTPHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getpass.html">15.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html">15.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#functions">15.11.1. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#window-objects">15.11.2. Window Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#constants">15.11.3. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad">15.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#textbox-objects">15.12.1. Textbox objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.ascii.html">15.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html">15.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#functions">15.14.1. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects">15.14.2. Panel Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html">15.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#cross-platform">15.15.1. Cross Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#java-platform">15.15.2. Java Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#windows-platform">15.15.3. Windows Platform</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#win95-98-specific">15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#mac-os-platform">15.15.4. Mac OS Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#unix-platforms">15.15.5. Unix Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/errno.html">15.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html">15.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">15.17.1. ctypes tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions">15.17.1.3. Calling functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#return-types">15.17.1.8. Return types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">15.17.1.10. Structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays">15.17.1.13. Arrays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#pointers">15.17.1.14. Pointers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#type-conversions">15.17.1.15. Type conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types">15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#callback-functions">15.17.1.17. Callback functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#surprises">15.17.1.19. Surprises</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">15.17.2. ctypes reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">15.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">15.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions">15.17.2.3. Foreign functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes">15.17.2.4. Function prototypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#utility-functions">15.17.2.5. Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#data-types">15.17.2.6. Data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">15.17.2.7. Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types">15.17.2.8. Structured data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">15.17.2.9. Arrays and pointers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/someos.html">16. Optional Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#polling-objects">16.1.2. Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kqueue-objects">16.1.3. Kqueue Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kevent-objects">16.1.4. Kevent Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Higher-level threading interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-objects">16.2.1. Thread Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#lock-objects">16.2.2. Lock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#rlock-objects">16.2.3. RLock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#condition-objects">16.2.4. Condition Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-objects">16.2.5. Semaphore Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-example">16.2.5.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#event-objects">16.2.6. Event Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#timer-objects">16.2.7. Timer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#importing-in-threaded-code">16.2.9. Importing in threaded code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/thread.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> — Multiple threads of control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dummy_threading.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dummy_thread.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based “threading” interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#introduction">16.6.1. Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">16.6.1.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#reference">16.6.2. Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions">16.6.2.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> and exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">16.6.2.4. Connection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">16.6.2.6. Shared <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">16.6.2.6.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#managers">16.6.2.7. Managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">16.6.2.7.1. Customized managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">16.6.2.7.2. Using a remote manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#cleanup">16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">16.6.2.9. Process Pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#address-formats">16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">16.6.2.11. Authentication keys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#logging">16.6.2.12. Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">16.6.2.13. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">16.6.3. Programming guidelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#all-platforms">16.6.3.1. All platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#windows">16.6.3.2. Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#examples">16.6.4. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#init-file">16.8.1. Init file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#line-buffer">16.8.2. Line buffer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-file">16.8.3. History file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-list">16.8.4. History list</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#startup-hooks">16.8.5. Startup hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#completion">16.8.6. Completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#example">16.8.7. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html#completer-objects">16.9.1. Completer Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipc.html">17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html">17.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">17.1.1. Using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">17.1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor">17.1.1.2. Popen Constructor</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#exceptions">17.1.1.3. Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#security">17.1.1.4. Security</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-objects">17.1.2. Popen Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#constants">17.1.3.1. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote">17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">17.1.4.3. Replacing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">17.1.4.4. Replacing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></code> family</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">17.1.4.5. Replacing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#notes">17.1.5. Notes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html">17.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-objects">17.2.1. Socket Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#example">17.2.2. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html">17.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">17.3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#socket-creation">17.3.1.1. Socket creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#context-creation">17.3.1.2. Context creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#random-generation">17.3.1.3. Random generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-handling">17.3.1.4. Certificate handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#constants">17.3.1.5. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-sockets">17.3.2. SSL Sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-contexts">17.3.3. SSL Contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificates">17.3.4. Certificates</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-chains">17.3.4.1. Certificate chains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ca-certificates">17.3.4.2. CA certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">17.3.4.3. Combined key and certificate</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">17.3.4.4. Self-signed certificates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#examples">17.3.5. Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">17.3.5.1. Testing for SSL support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#client-side-operation">17.3.5.2. Client-side operation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#server-side-operation">17.3.5.3. Server-side operation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">17.3.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#security-considerations">17.3.7. Security considerations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#best-defaults">17.3.7.1. Best defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#manual-settings">17.3.7.2. Manual settings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#verifying-certificates">17.3.7.2.1. Verifying certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#protocol-versions">17.3.7.2.2. Protocol versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#cipher-selection">17.3.7.2.3. Cipher selection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#multi-processing">17.3.7.3. Multi-processing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#libressl-support">17.3.8. LibreSSL support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html">17.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#example">17.4.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/popen2.html">17.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/popen2.html#popen3-and-popen4-objects">17.5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/popen2.html#flow-control-issues">17.5.2. Flow Control Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html">17.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-http-client">17.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-echo-server">17.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html">17.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html#asynchat-auxiliary-classes">17.7.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html#asynchat-example">17.7.2. asynchat Example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netdata.html">18. Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html">18.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.message.html">18.1.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: Representing an email message</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html">18.1.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api">18.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#parser-class-api">18.1.2.2. Parser class API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#additional-notes">18.1.2.3. Additional notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.generator.html">18.1.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.mime.html">18.1.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.header.html">18.1.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: Internationalized headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.charset.html">18.1.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: Representing character sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.encoders.html">18.1.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: Encoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.errors.html">18.1.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.utils.html">18.1.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.iterators.html">18.1.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email-examples.html">18.1.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html#package-history">18.1.12. Package History</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html#differences-from-mimelib">18.1.13. Differences from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html">18.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#basic-usage">18.2.1. Basic Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders">18.2.2. Encoders and Decoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">18.2.3. Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#character-encodings">18.2.3.1. Character Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values">18.2.3.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object">18.2.3.3. Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">18.2.3.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#implementation-limitations">18.2.3.5. Implementation Limitations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailcap.html">18.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html">18.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mailbox-objects">18.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mailbox</span></code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildir">18.4.1.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Maildir</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mbox">18.4.1.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mbox</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mh">18.4.1.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MH</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babyl">18.4.1.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Babyl</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdf">18.4.1.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MMDF</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#message-objects">18.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildirmessage">18.4.2.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MaildirMessage</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mboxmessage">18.4.2.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mboxMessage</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mhmessage">18.4.2.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MHMessage</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babylmessage">18.4.2.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BabylMessage</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdfmessage">18.4.2.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MMDFMessage</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#exceptions">18.4.3. Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#deprecated-classes-and-methods">18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#examples">18.4.5. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mhlib.html">18.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mhlib</span></code> — Access to MH mailboxes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mhlib.html#mh-objects">18.5.1. MH Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mhlib.html#folder-objects">18.5.2. Folder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mhlib.html#message-objects">18.5.3. Message Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetools.html">18.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetools</span></code> — Tools for parsing MIME messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetools.html#additional-methods-of-message-objects">18.6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html">18.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects">18.7.1. MimeTypes Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimewriter.html">18.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MimeWriter</span></code> — Generic MIME file writer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimewriter.html#mimewriter-objects">18.8.1. MimeWriter Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimify.html">18.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimify</span></code> — MIME processing of mail messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multifile.html">18.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multifile</span></code> — Support for files containing distinct parts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multifile.html#multifile-objects">18.10.1. MultiFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multifile.html#multifile-example">18.10.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MultiFile</span></code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rfc822.html">18.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rfc822</span></code> — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rfc822.html#message-objects">18.11.1. Message Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rfc822.html#addresslist-objects">18.11.2. AddressList Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html">18.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binhex.html">18.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binhex</span></code> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binhex.html#notes">18.13.1. Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binascii.html">18.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/quopri.html">18.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uu.html">18.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/markup.html">19. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmlparser.html">19.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmlparser.html#example-html-parser-application">19.1.1. Example HTML Parser Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmlparser.html#htmlparser-methods">19.1.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code> Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmlparser.html#examples">19.1.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sgmllib.html">19.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sgmllib</span></code> — Simple SGML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmllib.html">19.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">htmllib</span></code> — A parser for HTML documents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmllib.html#htmlparser-objects">19.3.1. HTMLParser Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/htmllib.html#module-htmlentitydefs">19.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">htmlentitydefs</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html">19.5. XML Processing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">19.6. XML vulnerabilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#defused-packages">19.6.1. defused packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html">19.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial">19.7.1. Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements">19.7.1.1. XML tree and elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml">19.7.1.2. Parsing XML</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements">19.7.1.3. Finding interesting elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file">19.7.1.4. Modifying an XML File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents">19.7.1.5. Building XML documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml-with-namespaces">19.7.1.6. Parsing XML with Namespaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#additional-resources">19.7.1.7. Additional resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support">19.7.2. XPath support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#example">19.7.2.1. Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax">19.7.2.2. Supported XPath syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference">19.7.3. Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions">19.7.3.1. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects">19.7.3.2. Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects">19.7.3.3. ElementTree Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects">19.7.3.4. QName Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects">19.7.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects">19.7.3.6. XMLParser Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html">19.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#module-contents">19.8.1. Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom">19.8.2. Objects in the DOM</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects">19.8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#node-objects">19.8.2.2. Node Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects">19.8.2.3. NodeList Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects">19.8.2.4. DocumentType Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#document-objects">19.8.2.5. Document Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#element-objects">19.8.2.6. Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#attr-objects">19.8.2.7. Attr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects">19.8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#comment-objects">19.8.2.9. Comment Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects">19.8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects">19.8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#exceptions">19.8.2.12. Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#conformance">19.8.3. Conformance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#type-mapping">19.8.3.1. Type Mapping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#accessor-methods">19.8.3.2. Accessor Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html">19.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects">19.9.1. DOM Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example">19.9.2. DOM Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">19.9.3. minidom and the DOM standard</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html">19.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects">19.10.1. DOMEventStream Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html">19.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects">19.11.1. SAXException Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html">19.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects">19.12.1. ContentHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects">19.12.2. DTDHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects">19.12.3. EntityResolver Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects">19.12.4. ErrorHandler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.utils.html">19.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html">19.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects">19.14.1. XMLReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects">19.14.2. IncrementalParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects">19.14.3. Locator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects">19.14.4. InputSource Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface">19.14.5. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Attributes</span></code> Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface">19.14.6. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributesNS</span></code> Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html">19.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects">19.15.1. XMLParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions">19.15.2. ExpatError Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#example">19.15.3. Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#content-model-descriptions">19.15.4. Content Model Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#expat-error-constants">19.15.5. Expat error constants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/internet.html">20. Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html">20.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">20.1.1. Browser Controller Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html">20.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#introduction">20.2.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">20.2.2. Using the cgi module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#higher-level-interface">20.2.3. Higher Level Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#old-classes">20.2.4. Old classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#functions">20.2.5. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#caring-about-security">20.2.6. Caring about security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">20.2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">20.2.8. Testing your CGI script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">20.2.9. Debugging CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">20.2.10. Common problems and solutions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgitb.html">20.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html">20.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util">20.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers">20.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server">20.4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate">20.4.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers">20.4.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#examples">20.4.6. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html">20.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — Open arbitrary resources by URL</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html#high-level-interface">20.5.1. High-level interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html#utility-functions">20.5.2. Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html#url-opener-objects">20.5.3. URL Opener objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html#urllib-restrictions">20.5.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> Restrictions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html#examples">20.5.5. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html">20.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> — extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#request-objects">20.6.1. Request Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#openerdirector-objects">20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#basehandler-objects">20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#proxyhandler-objects">20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httphandler-objects">20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httpshandler-objects">20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#filehandler-objects">20.6.16. FileHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#ftphandler-objects">20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#cacheftphandler-objects">20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#unknownhandler-objects">20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib2.html#examples">20.6.21. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/httplib.html">20.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">httplib</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/httplib.html#httpconnection-objects">20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/httplib.html#httpresponse-objects">20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/httplib.html#examples">20.7.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html">20.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-objects">20.8.1. FTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">20.8.2. FTP_TLS Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html">20.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-objects">20.9.1. POP3 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-example">20.9.2. POP3 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html">20.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-objects">20.10.1. IMAP4 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-example">20.10.2. IMAP4 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html">20.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#nntp-objects">20.11.1. NNTP Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html">20.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-objects">20.12.1. SMTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-example">20.12.2. SMTP Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html">20.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">20.13.1. SMTPServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">20.13.2. DebuggingServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">20.13.3. PureProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">20.13.4. MailmanProxy Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html">20.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">20.14.1. Telnet Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-example">20.14.2. Telnet Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html">20.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#example">20.15.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urlparse.html">20.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlparse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urlparse.html#results-of-urlparse-and-urlsplit">20.16.1. Results of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html">20.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">20.17.1. Server Creation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-objects">20.17.2. Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">20.17.3. Request Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#examples">20.17.4. Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example">20.17.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example">20.17.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">20.17.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/basehttpserver.html">20.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseHTTPServer</span></code> — Basic HTTP server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/basehttpserver.html#more-examples">20.18.1. More examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/simplehttpserver.html">20.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleHTTPServer</span></code> — Simple HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgihttpserver.html">20.20. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPServer</span></code> — CGI-capable HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html">20.21. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html#cookiepolicy-objects">20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html#cookie-objects">20.21.5. Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookielib.html#examples">20.21.6. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookie.html">20.22. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookie.html#cookie-objects">20.22.1. Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookie.html#morsel-objects">20.22.2. Morsel Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cookie.html#example">20.22.3. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html">20.23. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#serverproxy-objects">20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#boolean-objects">20.23.2. Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#datetime-objects">20.23.3. DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#binary-objects">20.23.4. Binary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#fault-objects">20.23.5. Fault Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#protocolerror-objects">20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#multicall-objects">20.23.7. MultiCall Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#convenience-functions">20.23.8. Convenience Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#example-of-client-usage">20.23.9. Example of Client Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpclib.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/simplexmlrpcserver.html">20.24. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">20.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/simplexmlrpcserver.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">20.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/docxmlrpcserver.html">20.25. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DocXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Self-documenting XML-RPC server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/docxmlrpcserver.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">20.25.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/docxmlrpcserver.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">20.25.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mm.html">21. Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audioop.html">21.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imageop.html">21.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imageop</span></code> — Manipulate raw image data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aifc.html">21.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html">21.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-read-objects">21.4.1. AU_read Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-write-objects">21.4.2. AU_write Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html">21.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-read-objects">21.5.1. Wave_read Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-write-objects">21.5.2. Wave_write Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/chunk.html">21.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorsys.html">21.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imghdr.html">21.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sndhdr.html">21.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html">21.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#audio-device-objects">21.10.1. Audio Device Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#mixer-device-objects">21.10.2. Mixer Device Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/i18n.html">22. Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html">22.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api">22.1.1. GNU <strong class="program">gettext</strong> API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#class-based-api">22.1.2. Class-based API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class">22.1.2.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class">22.1.2.2. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GNUTranslations</span></code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support">22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor">22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">22.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-module">22.1.3.1. Localizing your module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-application">22.1.3.2. Localizing your application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly">22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#deferred-translations">22.1.3.4. Deferred translations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#gettext-vs-lgettext">22.1.3.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></code> vs. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#acknowledgements">22.1.4. Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html">22.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">22.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">22.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs">22.2.3. Access to message catalogs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/frameworks.html">23. Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html">23.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-objects">23.1.1. Cmd Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html">23.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#shlex-objects">23.2.1. shlex Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#parsing-rules">23.2.2. Parsing Rules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tk.html">24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html">24.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-modules">24.1.1. Tkinter Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-life-preserver">24.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-to-use-this-section">24.1.2.1. How To Use This Section</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-simple-hello-world-program">24.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-very-quick-look-at-tcl-tk">24.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#mapping-basic-tk-into-tkinter">24.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-tk-and-tkinter-are-related">24.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#handy-reference">24.1.6. Handy Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#setting-options">24.1.6.1. Setting Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-packer">24.1.6.2. The Packer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#packer-options">24.1.6.3. Packer Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#coupling-widget-variables">24.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-window-manager">24.1.6.5. The Window Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tk-option-data-types">24.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#bindings-and-events">24.1.6.7. Bindings and Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-index-parameter">24.1.6.8. The index Parameter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#images">24.1.6.9. Images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#file-handlers">24.1.7. File Handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html">24.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#using-ttk">24.2.1. Using Ttk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-widgets">24.2.2. Ttk Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#widget">24.2.3. Widget</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#standard-options">24.2.3.1. Standard Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#scrollable-widget-options">24.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#label-options">24.2.3.3. Label Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#compatibility-options">24.2.3.4. Compatibility Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#widget-states">24.2.3.5. Widget States</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-widget">24.2.3.6. ttk.Widget</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#combobox">24.2.4. Combobox</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#options">24.2.4.1. Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#virtual-events">24.2.4.2. Virtual events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-combobox">24.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#notebook">24.2.5. Notebook</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#id1">24.2.5.1. Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#tab-options">24.2.5.2. Tab Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#tab-identifiers">24.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#id2">24.2.5.4. Virtual Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-notebook">24.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#progressbar">24.2.6. Progressbar</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#id3">24.2.6.1. Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-progressbar">24.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#separator">24.2.7. Separator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#id4">24.2.7.1. Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#sizegrip">24.2.8. Sizegrip</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#platform-specific-notes">24.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#bugs">24.2.8.2. Bugs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#treeview">24.2.9. Treeview</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#id5">24.2.9.1. Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#item-options">24.2.9.2. Item Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#tag-options">24.2.9.3. Tag Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#column-identifiers">24.2.9.4. Column Identifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#id6">24.2.9.5. Virtual Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-treeview">24.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#ttk-styling">24.2.10. Ttk Styling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ttk.html#layouts">24.2.10.1. Layouts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html">24.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#using-tix">24.3.1. Using Tix</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#tix-widgets">24.3.2. Tix Widgets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#basic-widgets">24.3.2.1. Basic Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#file-selectors">24.3.2.2. File Selectors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#hierarchical-listbox">24.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#tabular-listbox">24.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#manager-widgets">24.3.2.5. Manager Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#image-types">24.3.2.6. Image Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#miscellaneous-widgets">24.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#form-geometry-manager">24.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tix.html#tix-commands">24.3.3. Tix Commands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/scrolledtext.html">24.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ScrolledText</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html">24.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics for Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#introduction">24.5.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#overview-over-available-turtle-and-screen-methods">24.5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-methods">24.5.2.1. Turtle methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">24.5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-motion">24.5.3.1. Turtle motion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tell-turtle-s-state">24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-for-measurement">24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#pen-control">24.5.3.4. Pen control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#drawing-state">24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#color-control">24.5.3.4.2. Color control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#filling">24.5.3.4.3. Filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#more-drawing-control">24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-state">24.5.3.5. Turtle state</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#visibility">24.5.3.5.1. Visibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#appearance">24.5.3.5.2. Appearance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-events">24.5.3.6. Using events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#special-turtle-methods">24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#excursus-about-the-use-of-compound-shapes">24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#window-control">24.5.4.1. Window control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#animation-control">24.5.4.2. Animation control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-screen-events">24.5.4.3. Using screen events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-and-special-methods">24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#the-public-classes-of-the-module-turtle">24.5.5. The public classes of the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#help-and-configuration">24.5.6. Help and configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-use-help">24.5.6.1. How to use help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">24.5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">24.5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#demo-scripts">24.5.7. Demo scripts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html">24.6. IDLE</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#menus">24.6.1. Menus</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#file-menu-shell-and-editor">24.6.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">24.6.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#format-menu-editor-window-only">24.6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#run-menu-editor-window-only">24.6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#shell-menu-shell-window-only">24.6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#debug-menu-shell-window-only">24.6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#options-menu-shell-and-editor">24.6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#window-menu-shell-and-editor">24.6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#help-menu-shell-and-editor">24.6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#context-menus">24.6.1.10. Context Menus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#editing-and-navigation">24.6.2. Editing and navigation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#automatic-indentation">24.6.2.1. Automatic indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#completions">24.6.2.2. Completions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#calltips">24.6.2.3. Calltips</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#python-shell-window">24.6.2.4. Python Shell window</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#text-colors">24.6.2.5. Text colors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#startup-and-code-execution">24.6.3. Startup and code execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#command-line-usage">24.6.3.1. Command line usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#idle-console-differences">24.6.3.2. IDLE-console differences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#running-without-a-subprocess">24.6.3.3. Running without a subprocess</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#help-and-preferences">24.6.4. Help and preferences</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#additional-help-sources">24.6.4.1. Additional help sources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#setting-preferences">24.6.4.2. Setting preferences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#extensions">24.6.4.3. Extensions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/othergui.html">24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/development.html">25. Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pydoc.html">25.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html">25.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">25.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">25.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-it-works">25.2.3. How It Works</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">25.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">25.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">25.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">25.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#option-flags">25.2.3.5. Option Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#directives">25.2.3.6. Directives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#warnings">25.2.3.7. Warnings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#basic-api">25.2.4. Basic API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#unittest-api">25.2.5. Unittest API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#advanced-api">25.2.6. Advanced API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctest-objects">25.2.6.1. DocTest Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#example-objects">25.2.6.2. Example Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">25.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">25.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">25.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">25.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#debugging">25.2.7. Debugging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#soapbox">25.2.8. Soapbox</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html">25.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#basic-example">25.3.1. Basic example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-interface">25.3.2. Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-options">25.3.2.1. Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-discovery">25.3.3. Test Discovery</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#organizing-test-code">25.3.4. Organizing test code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">25.3.5. Re-using old test code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#classes-and-functions">25.3.7. Classes and functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-cases">25.3.7.1. Test cases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#deprecated-aliases">25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#grouping-tests">25.3.7.2. Grouping tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests">25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#load-tests-protocol">25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures">25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass">25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#signal-handling">25.3.9. Signal Handling</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html">25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#using-2to3">25.4.1. Using 2to3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#fixers">25.4.2. Fixers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3">25.4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> - 2to3’s library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html">25.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">25.5.1. Writing Unit Tests for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#running-tests-using-the-command-line-interface">25.5.2. Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support">25.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utility functions for tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/debug.html">26. Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bdb.html">26.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html">26.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html#debugger-commands">26.3. Debugger Commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html">26.4. The Python Profilers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers">26.4.1. Introduction to the profilers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#instant-user-s-manual">26.4.2. Instant User’s Manual</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#module-cProfile">26.4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> Module Reference</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#the-stats-class">26.4.4. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Stats</span></code> Class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">26.4.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#limitations">26.4.6. Limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#calibration">26.4.7. Calibration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#using-a-custom-timer">26.4.8. Using a custom timer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hotshot.html">26.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code> — High performance logging profiler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hotshot.html#profile-objects">26.5.1. Profile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hotshot.html#module-hotshot.stats">26.5.2. Using hotshot data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hotshot.html#example-usage">26.5.3. Example Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html">26.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#basic-examples">26.6.1. Basic Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#python-interface">26.6.2. Python Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#command-line-interface">26.6.3. Command-Line Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#examples">26.6.4. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html">26.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#command-line-usage">26.7.1. Command-Line Usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#main-options">26.7.1.1. Main options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#modifiers">26.7.1.2. Modifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#filters">26.7.1.3. Filters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#programmatic-interface">26.7.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/distribution.html">27. Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/distutils.html">27.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html">27.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html#command-line-interface">27.2.1. Command line interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html#module-api">27.2.2. Module API</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/python.html">28. Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.html">28.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html">28.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#configuration-variables">28.2.1. Configuration variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#installation-paths">28.2.2. Installation paths</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#other-functions">28.2.3. Other functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__builtin__.html">28.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__builtin__</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/future_builtins.html">28.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></code> — Python 3 builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html">28.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level script environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html">28.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#warning-categories">28.6.1. Warning Categories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#the-warnings-filter">28.6.2. The Warnings Filter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#default-warning-filters">28.6.2.1. Default Warning Filters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#temporarily-suppressing-warnings">28.6.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#testing-warnings">28.6.4. Testing Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#updating-code-for-new-versions-of-python">28.6.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-functions">28.6.6. Available Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-context-managers">28.6.7. Available Context Managers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html">28.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/abc.html">28.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html">28.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html#atexit-example">28.9.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html">28.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#traceback-examples">28.10.1. Traceback Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__future__.html">28.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gc.html">28.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html">28.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#types-and-members">28.13.1. Types and members</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#retrieving-source-code">28.13.2. Retrieving source code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#classes-and-functions">28.13.3. Classes and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack">28.13.4. The interpreter stack</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html">28.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/user.html">28.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user</span></code> — User-specific configuration hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html">28.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fpectl</span></code> — Floating point exception control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html#example">28.16.1. Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html#limitations-and-other-considerations">28.16.2. Limitations and other considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/custominterp.html">29. Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html">29.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-interpreter-objects">29.1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-console-objects">29.1.2. Interactive Console Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codeop.html">29.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/restricted.html">30. Restricted Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rexec.html">30.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rexec</span></code> — Restricted execution framework</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rexec.html#rexec-objects">30.1.1. RExec Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rexec.html#defining-restricted-environments">30.1.2. Defining restricted environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rexec.html#an-example">30.1.3. An example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bastion.html">30.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bastion</span></code> — Restricting access to objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modules.html">31. Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imp.html">31.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> — Access the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> internals</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imp.html#examples">31.1.1. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html">31.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — Convenience wrappers for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imputil.html">31.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imputil</span></code> — Import utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imputil.html#examples">31.3.1. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html">31.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#zipimporter-objects">31.4.1. zipimporter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#examples">31.4.2. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pkgutil.html">31.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html">31.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html#example-usage-of-modulefinder">31.6.1. Example usage of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModuleFinder</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/runpy.html">31.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/language.html">32. Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html">32.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code> — Access Python parse trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#creating-st-objects">32.1.1. Creating ST Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#converting-st-objects">32.1.2. Converting ST Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#queries-on-st-objects">32.1.3. Queries on ST Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#exceptions-and-error-handling">32.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#st-objects">32.1.5. ST Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#example-emulation-of-compile">32.1.6. Example: Emulation of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html">32.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#node-classes">32.2.1. Node classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#abstract-grammar">32.2.2. Abstract Grammar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#ast-helpers">32.2.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> Helpers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html">32.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#generating-symbol-tables">32.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#examining-symbol-tables">32.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symbol.html">32.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symbol</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/token.html">32.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/keyword.html">32.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html">32.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tabnanny.html">32.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html">32.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python class browser support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#class-objects">32.9.1. Class Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#function-objects">32.9.2. Function Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html">32.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html">32.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#command-line-use">32.11.1. Command-line use</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#public-functions">32.11.2. Public functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html">32.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html">32.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html">33. Python compiler package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#module-compiler">33.1. The basic interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#limitations">33.2. Limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#python-abstract-syntax">33.3. Python Abstract Syntax</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#module-compiler.ast">33.3.1. AST Nodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#assignment-nodes">33.3.2. Assignment nodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#examples">33.3.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#module-compiler.visitor">33.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compiler.html#bytecode-generation">33.5. Bytecode Generation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/misc.html">34. Miscellaneous Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html">34.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formatter</span></code> — Generic output formatting</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#the-formatter-interface">34.1.1. The Formatter Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#formatter-implementations">34.1.2. Formatter Implementations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#the-writer-interface">34.1.3. The Writer Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#writer-implementations">34.1.4. Writer Implementations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/windows.html">35. MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html">35.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#database-objects">35.1.1. Database Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#view-objects">35.1.2. View Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#summary-information-objects">35.1.3. Summary Information Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#record-objects">35.1.4. Record Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#errors">35.1.5. Errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#cab-objects">35.1.6. CAB Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#directory-objects">35.1.7. Directory Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#features">35.1.8. Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#gui-classes">35.1.9. GUI classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#precomputed-tables">35.1.10. Precomputed tables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html">35.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#file-operations">35.2.1. File Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#console-i-o">35.2.2. Console I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#other-functions">35.2.3. Other Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html">35.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html#constants">35.3.1. Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html#hkey-constants">35.3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html#access-rights">35.3.1.2. Access Rights</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html#bit-specific">35.3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html#value-types">35.3.1.3. Value Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_winreg.html#registry-handle-objects">35.3.2. Registry Handle Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winsound.html">35.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unix.html">36. Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html">36.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#large-file-support">36.1.1. Large File Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#notable-module-contents">36.1.2. Notable Module Contents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pwd.html">36.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/spwd.html">36.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/grp.html">36.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html">36.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dl.html">36.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dl</span></code> — Call C functions in shared objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dl.html#dl-objects">36.6.1. Dl Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html">36.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html#example">36.7.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tty.html">36.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html">36.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fcntl.html">36.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html">36.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html#template-objects">36.11.1. Template Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posixfile.html">36.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code> — File-like objects with locking support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html">36.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-limits">36.13.1. Resource Limits</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-usage">36.13.2. Resource Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nis.html">36.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html">36.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#examples">36.15.1. Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#simple-example">36.15.1.1. Simple example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/commands.html">36.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commands</span></code> — Utilities for running commands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mac.html">37. Mac OS X specific services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ic.html">37.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ic</span></code> — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ic.html#ic-objects">37.1.1. IC Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macos.html">37.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOS</span></code> — Access to Mac OS interpreter features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macostools.html">37.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macostools</span></code> — Convenience routines for file manipulation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macostools.html#module-findertools">37.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findertools</span></code> — The <strong class="program">finder</strong>’s Apple Events interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/easydialogs.html">37.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EasyDialogs</span></code> — Basic Macintosh dialogs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/easydialogs.html#progressbar-objects">37.5.1. ProgressBar Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/framework.html">37.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FrameWork</span></code> — Interactive application framework</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/framework.html#application-objects">37.6.1. Application Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/framework.html#window-objects">37.6.2. Window Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/framework.html#controlswindow-object">37.6.3. ControlsWindow Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/framework.html#scrolledwindow-object">37.6.4. ScrolledWindow Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/framework.html#dialogwindow-objects">37.6.5. DialogWindow Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/autogil.html">37.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autoGIL</span></code> — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html">37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.AE">37.8.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.AE</span></code> — Apple Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.AH">37.8.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.AH</span></code> — Apple Help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.App">37.8.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.App</span></code> — Appearance Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Appearance">37.8.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Appearance</span></code> — Appearance Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.CF">37.8.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.CF</span></code> — Core Foundation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.CG">37.8.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.CG</span></code> — Core Graphics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.CarbonEvt">37.8.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.CarbonEvt</span></code> — Carbon Event Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.CarbonEvents">37.8.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.CarbonEvents</span></code> — Carbon Event Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Cm">37.8.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Cm</span></code> — Component Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Components">37.8.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Components</span></code> — Component Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.ControlAccessor">37.8.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.ControlAccessor</span></code> — Control Manager accssors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Controls">37.8.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Controls</span></code> — Control Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.CoreFounation">37.8.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.CoreFounation</span></code> — CoreFounation constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.CoreGraphics">37.8.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.CoreGraphics</span></code> — CoreGraphics constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Ctl">37.8.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Ctl</span></code> — Control Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Dialogs">37.8.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Dialogs</span></code> — Dialog Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Dlg">37.8.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Dlg</span></code> — Dialog Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Drag">37.8.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Drag</span></code> — Drag and Drop Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Dragconst">37.8.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Dragconst</span></code> — Drag and Drop Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Events">37.8.20. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Events</span></code> — Event Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Evt">37.8.21. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Evt</span></code> — Event Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.File">37.8.22. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.File</span></code> — File Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Files">37.8.23. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Files</span></code> — File Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Fm">37.8.24. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Fm</span></code> — Font Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Folder">37.8.25. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Folder</span></code> — Folder Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Folders">37.8.26. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Folders</span></code> — Folder Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Fonts">37.8.27. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Fonts</span></code> — Font Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Help">37.8.28. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Help</span></code> — Help Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.IBCarbon">37.8.29. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.IBCarbon</span></code> — Carbon InterfaceBuilder</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime">37.8.30. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime</span></code> — Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Icns">37.8.31. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Icn</span></code> — Carbon Icon Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Icons">37.8.32. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Icons</span></code> — Carbon Icon Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Launch">37.8.33. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Launch</span></code> — Carbon Launch Services</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.LaunchServices">37.8.34. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.LaunchServices</span></code> — Carbon Launch Services constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.List">37.8.35. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.List</span></code> — List Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Lists">37.8.36. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Lists</span></code> — List Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.MacHelp">37.8.37. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.MacHelp</span></code> — Help Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.MediaDescr">37.8.38. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.MediaDescr</span></code> — Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Menu">37.8.39. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Menu</span></code> — Menu Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Menus">37.8.40. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Menus</span></code> — Menu Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Mlte">37.8.41. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Mlte</span></code> — MultiLingual Text Editor</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.OSA">37.8.42. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.OSA</span></code> — Carbon OSA Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.OSAconst">37.8.43. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.OSAconst</span></code> — Carbon OSA Interface constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.QDOffscreen">37.8.44. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.QDOffscreen</span></code> — QuickDraw Offscreen constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Qd">37.8.45. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Qd</span></code> — QuickDraw</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Qdoffs">37.8.46. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Qdoffs</span></code> — QuickDraw Offscreen</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Qt">37.8.47. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Qt</span></code> — QuickTime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.QuickDraw">37.8.48. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.QuickDraw</span></code> — QuickDraw constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.QuickTime">37.8.49. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.QuickTime</span></code> — QuickTime constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Res">37.8.50. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Res</span></code> — Resource Manager and Handles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Resources">37.8.51. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Resources</span></code> — Resource Manager and Handles constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Scrap">37.8.52. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Scrap</span></code> — Scrap Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Snd">37.8.53. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Snd</span></code> — Sound Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Sound">37.8.54. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Sound</span></code> — Sound Manager constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.TE">37.8.55. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.TE</span></code> — TextEdit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.TextEdit">37.8.56. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.TextEdit</span></code> — TextEdit constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Win">37.8.57. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Win</span></code> — Window Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/carbon.html#module-Carbon.Windows">37.8.58. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Carbon.Windows</span></code> — Window Manager constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorpicker.html">37.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ColorPicker</span></code> — Color selection dialog</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macosa.html">38. MacPython OSA Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gensuitemodule.html">38.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gensuitemodule</span></code> — Generate OSA stub packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aetools.html">38.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetools</span></code> — OSA client support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aepack.html">38.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aepack</span></code> — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aetypes.html">38.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetypes</span></code> — AppleEvent objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/miniaeframe.html">38.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MiniAEFrame</span></code> — Open Scripting Architecture server support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/miniaeframe.html#aeserver-objects">38.5.1. AEServer Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sgi.html">39. SGI IRIX Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/al.html">39.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">al</span></code> — Audio functions on the SGI</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/al.html#configuration-objects">39.1.1. Configuration Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/al.html#port-objects">39.1.2. Port Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/al.html#module-AL">39.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">al</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cd.html">39.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cd</span></code> — CD-ROM access on SGI systems</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cd.html#player-objects">39.3.1. Player Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cd.html#parser-objects">39.3.2. Parser Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fl.html">39.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code> — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fl.html#functions-defined-in-module-fl">39.4.1. Functions Defined in Module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fl.html#form-objects">39.4.2. Form Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fl.html#forms-objects">39.4.3. FORMS Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fl.html#module-FL">39.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fl.html#module-flp">39.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flp</span></code> — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fm.html">39.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fm</span></code> — <em>Font Manager</em> interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gl.html">39.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> — <em>Graphics Library</em> interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gl.html#module-DEVICE">39.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gl.html#module-GL">39.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imgfile.html">39.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imgfile</span></code> — Support for SGI imglib files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/jpeg.html">39.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jpeg</span></code> — Read and write JPEG files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sun.html">40. SunOS Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunaudio.html">40.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunaudiodev</span></code> — Access to Sun audio hardware</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunaudio.html#audio-device-objects">40.1.1. Audio Device Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunaudio.html#module-SUNAUDIODEV">40.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SUNAUDIODEV</span></code> — Constants used with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunaudiodev</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html">41. Undocumented Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#miscellaneous-useful-utilities">41.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#platform-specific-modules">41.2. Platform specific modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#multimedia">41.3. Multimedia</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#undocumented-mac-os-modules">41.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-applesingle">41.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">applesingle</span></code> — AppleSingle decoder</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-buildtools">41.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buildtools</span></code> — Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-cfmfile">41.4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cfmfile</span></code> — Code Fragment Resource module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-icopen">41.4.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">icopen</span></code> — Internet Config replacement for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-macerrors">41.4.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macerrors</span></code> — Mac OS Errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-macresource">41.4.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macresource</span></code> — Locate script resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-Nav">41.4.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Nav</span></code> — NavServices calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-PixMapWrapper">41.4.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PixMapWrapper</span></code> — Wrapper for PixMap objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-videoreader">41.4.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">videoreader</span></code> — Read QuickTime movies</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#module-W">41.4.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">W</span></code> — Widgets built on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FrameWork</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#obsolete">41.5. Obsolete</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#sgi-specific-extension-modules">41.6. SGI-specific Extension modules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python">1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#ownership-rules">1.10.2. Ownership Rules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#thin-ice">1.10.3. Thin Ice</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#null-pointers">1.10.4. NULL Pointers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html">2. Defining New Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.1.1. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.1.2. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.1.3. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#subclassing-other-types">2.1.4. Subclassing other types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-methods">2.2. Type Methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">2.2.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-presentation">2.2.2. Object Presentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#attribute-management">2.2.3. Attribute Management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#generic-attribute-management">2.2.3.1. Generic Attribute Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-specific-attribute-management">2.2.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-comparison">2.2.4. Object Comparison</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">2.2.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">2.2.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#more-suggestions">2.2.7. More Suggestions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html">3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html#distributing-your-extension-modules">3.1. Distributing your extension modules</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">4.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">4.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html">5. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">5.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">5.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#pure-embedding">5.3. Pure Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">5.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">5.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">5.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/index.html">Python/C API Reference Manual</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#include-files">Include Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-counts">Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-count-details">Reference Count Details</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#types">Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/veryhigh.html">The Very High Level Layer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/refcounting.html">Reference Counting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html">Exception Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-warning-categories">Standard Warning Categories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#string-exceptions">String Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/utilities.html">Utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/import.html">Importing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/reflection.html">Reflection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/abstract.html">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/object.html">Object Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/number.html">Number Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sequence.html">Sequence Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/mapping.html">Mapping Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iter.html">Iterator Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objbuffer.html">Old Buffer Protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html">Type Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/none.html">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/int.html">Plain Integer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bool.html">Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/long.html">Long Integer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html">Floating Point Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html">Complex Number Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html">Byte Array Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#macros">Macros</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/string.html">String/Bytes Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#plain-py-unicode">Plain Py_UNICODE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-slots">Methods & Slots</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html">Buffers and Memoryview Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#the-new-style-py-buffer-struct">The new-style Py_buffer struct</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-related-functions">Buffer related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#memoryview-objects">MemoryView objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#old-style-buffer-objects">Old-style buffer objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html">Tuple Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/list.html">List Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#mapping-objects">Mapping Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/dict.html">Dictionary Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/class.html">Class and Instance Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/function.html">Function Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html">Method Objects</a></li> <li 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